The fraught battle over the holy grail of shipwrecks | EUROtoday

It has been hailed as essentially the most worthwhile shipwreck on this planet.

A Spanish galleon, the San José, was sunk by the British off the coast of Colombia greater than 300 years in the past. It had a cargo of gold, silver and emeralds price billions of {dollars}.

But years after it was found, a debate nonetheless rages over who owns that treasure and what must be performed with the wreck.

The Colombian and Spanish states have staked a declare to it, as have a US salvage firm and indigenous teams in South America. There have been court docket battles in Colombia and the US, and the case is now earlier than the Permanent Court of Arbitration on the Hague.

The Colombian authorities says it desires to lift the stays of the vessel and put it in a museum. Treasure hunters level to the business worth of the cargo, which might be as a lot as $18bn (£13.bn).

But archaeologists say the wreck – and hundreds prefer it scattered the world over – must be left the place it’s. Maritime historians remind us that the San José is a graveyard and must be revered as such: round 600 individuals drowned when the ship went down.

“It’s a great mess and I see no easy way out of this,” says Carla Rahn Phillips, a historian who has written a guide concerning the San José. “The Spanish state, the Colombian government, the various indigenous groups, the treasure hunters. I don’t think there’s any way that everyone can be satisfied.”

The San José sank in 1708 because it sailed from what’s now Panama in direction of the port metropolis of Cartagena in Colombia. From there it was on account of cross the Atlantic to Spain, however the Spanish had been at battle with the British on the time, and a British warship intercepted it.

The British wished to grab the ship and its treasure, however fired a cannonball into the San José’s powder magazines by mistake. The ship blew up and sank inside minutes.

The wreck lay on the seabed till the Eighties, when a US salvage firm, Glocca Mora, stated it had discovered it. It tried to steer the Colombians to enter partnership to lift the treasure and break up the proceeds, however the two sides couldn’t agree on who ought to get what share, and plunged right into a authorized battle.

In 2015, the Colombians stated they’d discovered the ship, independently of the data offered by the Americans, on a distinct a part of the ocean mattress. Since then they’ve argued that Glocca Mora, now often known as Sea Search Armada, has no proper to the ship or its treasure.

The Spanish state has staked its declare, arguing that the San José and its cargo stays state property, and indigenous teams from Bolivia and Peru say they’re entitled to a minimum of part of the booty.

They argue that it’s not Spanish treasure as a result of it was plundered by the Spanish from mines within the Andes through the colonial interval.

“That wealth came from the mines of Potosí in the Bolivian highlands,” says Samuel Flores, a consultant of the Qhara Qhara individuals, one of many indigenous teams.

“This cargo belongs to our people – the silver, the gold – and we think it should be raised from the sea bed to stop treasure hunters looting it. How many years have gone by? Three hundred years? They owe us that debt.”

The Colombians have launched tantalising movies of the San José, taken with submersible cameras. They present the prow of a wood ship, encrusted with marine life, a number of bronze cannons scattered throughout the sand, and blue-and-white porcelain and gold cash shining on the ocean ground.

As a part of its court docket case on the Hague, Sea Search Armada commissioned a research of the cargo. It estimates its worth at $7-18bn.

“This treasure that sank with the ship included seven million pesos, 116 steel chests full of emeralds, 30 million gold coins,” says Rahim Moloo, the lawyer representing Sea Search Armada. He described it as “the biggest treasure in the history of humanity”.

Others are much less satisfied.

“I try to resist giving present-day estimates of anything,” says Ms Rahn Phillips.

“If you’re talking about gold and silver coins, do we make an estimate based on the weight of the gold now? Or do we look at what collectors might pay of these gold coins?

“To me it’s virtually meaningless to attempt to provide you with a quantity now. The estimates of the treasure hunters, to me, they’re laughable.”

While the San José is usually described because the holy grail of shipwrecks, it’s – based on the United Nations – simply one among round three million sunken vessels on our ocean flooring. There is usually little or no readability over who owns them, who has the best to discover them, and – if there’s treasure on board – who has the best to maintain it.

In 1982, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Law of the Sea – typically described as “the constitution of the oceans”, but it surely says little or no about shipwrecks. Because of that, the UN adopted a second algorithm in 2001 – the Unesco Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 Convention.

That says way more about wrecks, however many nations have refused to ratify it, fearing it is going to weaken their declare to riches of their waters. Colombia and the US, for instance, haven’t signed it.

“The legal framework right now is neither clear nor comprehensive,” says Michail Risvas, a lawyer at Southampton University within the UK. A specialist in worldwide arbitration and maritime disputes, he provides: “I’m afraid international law does not have clear-cut answers.”

For many archaeologists, wrecks just like the San José must be left in peace and explored “in situ” – on the ocean ground.

“If you just go down and take lots of artefacts and bring them to the surface, you just have a pile of stuff. There’s no story to tell,” says Rodrigo Pacheco Ruiz, a Mexican deep-sea diver who has explored dozens of wrecks all over the world.

“You can just count coins, you can count porcelain, but there is no ‘why was this on board? Who was the owner? Where was it going?’ – the human story behind it.”

Juan Guillermo Martín, a Colombian maritime archaeologist who has adopted the case of the San José carefully, agrees.

“The treasure of the San José should remain at the bottom of the sea, along with the human remains of the 600 crew members who died there,” he says. “The treasure is part of the archaeological context, and as such has no commercial value. Its value is strictly scientific.”