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Stark pictures, captured from a drone by environmental campaigners and shared with the BBC, seem to point out how nickel mining has stripped forests and polluted waters in one of the crucial biodiverse marine habitats on Earth.

The Raja Ampat archipelago – a bunch of small islands in Indonesia’s Southwest Papua Province – has been dubbed the “Amazon of the Seas”.

But mining for nickel – an ingredient in electrical car batteries and in stainless-steel – has ramped up there lately, in keeping with the organisation Global Witness.

In a transfer that was welcomed by campaigners, the Indonesian authorities this week revoked permits for 4 out of 5 mining corporations working within the area.

In a press release revealed on-line, Indonesia’s Ministry for the Environment mentioned: “Raja Ampat’s biodiversity is a world heritage that must be protected.

“We pay nice consideration to mining actions that happen within the space.”

But photographs – taken by Global Witness as part of an investigation – appear to show environmental damage already done.

Aerial images show forest loss and sediment run-off into waters that are home to biodiverse coral reefs.

Global Witness told the BBC that land use for mining, across multiple small islands in the archipelago, increased by 500 hectares – equivalent to about 700 football pitches – between 2020 and 2024.

Some conservationists, including the organisation Greenpeace, are concerned that the government’s decision could be reversed by legal action by the mining companies.

And one company that operates on Gag island, which has particularly rich deposits of nickel, has been allowed to continue its operations. The government said it would order the “restoration of the ecological impacts that happen” there.

Coral reef conservationist and ecologist Dr Mark Erdmann told BBC News that he was “blown away, and so joyful” about the government’s decision to revoke the mining permits.

“This is the worldwide epicenter of marine biodiversity,” he told BBC News.

Dr Erdmann has worked in Raja Ampat for more than two decades and is one of the founders of a shark rewilding project there called Reshark. He added: “It was a voice of concern kind Indonesian people who made the federal government concentrate.”

But this ecological controversy is an example of how the demand for the metals needed to power battery technology – for electric cars and other low carbon energy sources – can damage the environment.

Indonesia now accounts for more than half of the world’s nickel mine production, according to a report last year by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis.

And while the beauty and biodiversity of the Raja Ampat has drawn attention to mining activity there, mining has been linked to ecological damage elsewhere too.

A 2024 study by Forest Watch Indonesia found a link between the loss of forests associated with mining activity and increased local flooding and landslides.

Increasing demand for so-called critical minerals is shaping economic decisions around the world. It was the driving force for President Trump’s recent executive order to jumpstart the mining of metallic nodules from the deep sea in international waters. It is a move that China has called illegal.

Dr Erdmann pointed out that balancing economic growth with environmental protection was a particular dilemma for Indonesia. “It has plenty of nickel – by some means, a few of it is going to come out of the bottom,” he said.

Dr Michaela Guo Ying Lo from the University of Kent led a study in 2024 of the impact of mining on local communities in Sulawesi, the large Indonesian island that has most of the country’s nickel deposits.

That concluded that mining activity reduced poverty slightly, but that there was significant “worsening of environmental well-being” including increased local water and air pollution.

“Indonesia is positioning itself globally within the nickel market,” Dr Lo told BBC News. “But it is vital to not neglect what’s taking place regionally.”

Imam Shofwan, an environmental campaigner from an organisation called Jatam, based in Jakarta, told BBC News: “They say nickel is an answer to the local weather disaster. But it is inflicting deforestation and destroying farmland.”

He also pointed out to the BBC that low-lying coastal areas, where some nickel deposits are found, are some of the places most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels.

Dr Erdmann commented: “The nickel dilemma is a horrible one.

“Mining is always going to be environmentally impactful and we all tend to think that electrification is a good idea. But what is the acceptable damage that we’re willing to see?”

The BBC contacted the Indonesian authorities for remark, however didn’t obtain a reply.