What to do to combat towards fascism? Delving into the writings of Gramsci, Eco and Marcuse | EUROtoday

Book. Fascism just isn’t lifeless, it’s nonetheless shifting. Far from being restricted to the historic interval of its emergence, its energy and its decline – from the Twenties to the top of the Second World War – fascism doesn’t exist solely by way of the permanence of small id teams or by way of the persistence of furtive Nazi salutes brandished by Trumpian engineers: it stays a virtuality of our modernity.

This is what the American thinker of German origin Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) thought in his time. Member of the Frankfurt School, exiled within the United States after the arrival of Adolf Hitler to energy, reference thinker of the scholar actions of the “new left” of the sixties, well-known for having articulated Marx and Freud in a subversive work, the writer ofEros and civilization (1955) defined, in 1971, that “American fascism will probably be the first to come to power by democratic means and with democratic support”.

At a time when the reactionary worldwide is unfolding, at a time when the United States immigration police are donning the trimmings of a paramilitary militia committing a lot of abuses, it appears acceptable to show to “the extraordinary relevance of political lessons” of this theoretician of emancipation, underlines the thinker Haud Guéguen in Herbert Marcuse going through neo-fascism (Amsterdam, 2025). Because “neofascism” is predicated on the impulses of aggressive individualism and the decision for aggressive efficiency, it seems as “a tendency inherent to capitalism taken in its predatory and authoritarian dimension”explains Haud Guéguen. The researcher makes Marcuse a thinker of the “new Enlightenment” delicate to ecology, but additionally to feminism, to the purpose that he can “rightly be described as ecofeminist”she writes.

Co-founder of the Italian Communist Party and Marxist theorist typically hijacked by the far proper due to his conception of cultural hegemony, Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) was much more radical on this alliance between the logic of capital and the cult of the nationwide. “Fascism is the illegality of capitalist violence”he wrote in “What is response? », an article included in How fascism is born (Grasset, 2025), a set of Gramsci’s writings revealed between 1920 and 1924.

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